UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSION
Depression is more than feeling sad or down occasionally. It is a serious and common mental health disorder that involves persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness, along with a loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable. These symptoms last for weeks or longer and interfere with daily life, relationships, school, and work. Depression can begin in childhood, the teen years, or adulthood, and it affects people of all backgrounds. There are several types of depression, including major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, postpartum depression, and seasonal affective disorder. Depression can occur on its own or alongside anxiety, substance use disorders, or other mental health conditions.
Symptoms and Effects
Symptoms of depression can be emotional, physical, and behavioral. Common symptoms include persistent sadness, irritability, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, fatigue, low motivation, difficulty concentrating, changes in sleep or appetite, and withdrawal from friends or activities. Some people may experience physical aches, headaches, or digestive issues without a clear medical cause. Depression can affect academic performance, job productivity, decision-making, and relationships. In severe cases, it can lead to thoughts of self-harm or suicide, making early recognition and treatment critical.
Causes and Risk Factors
Depression does not have one single cause. It often develops from a combination of genetic factors, brain chemistry imbalances, personality traits, trauma, chronic stress, medical conditions, and major life changes such as loss or illness. A family history of depression, exposure to abuse or neglect, long-term stress, or co-occurring mental health conditions can increase risk.
Getting Help
Depression is highly treatable, and many people improve with the right support. Treatment may include therapy, medication, or both. Lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy sleep routines, balanced nutrition, stress management, and social connection can also support recovery. Reaching out for help early can prevent symptoms from worsening.
Seeking Medical Advice
See a healthcare provider or mental health professional if symptoms last more than two weeks, interfere with daily functioning, or include thoughts of self-harm or suicide. In the U.S., the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline is available 24/7 for immediate support.